Genetic test for the personalization of sport training

Genetic test for the personalization of sport training

Authors

  • Zakira Naureen Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
  • Marco Perrone Division of Cardiology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
  • Stefano Paolacci MAGI'S LAB
  • Paolo Enrico Maltese MAGI’S LAB, Rovereto (TN), Italy
  • Kristjana Dhuli EBTNA-LAB, Rovereto (TN), Italy
  • Danjela Kurti EBTNA-LAB, Rovereto (TN), Italy
  • Astrit Dautaj EBTNA-LAB, Rovereto (TN), Italy
  • Roberta Miotto MAGI EUREGIO, Bolzano, Italy
  • Arianna Casadei MAGI EUREGIO, Bolzano, Italy
  • Bernard Fioretti Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
  • Tommaso Beccari Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
  • Francesco Romeo Division of Cardiology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
  • Matteo Bertelli MAGI’S LAB, Rovereto (TN), Italy; EBTNA-LAB, Rovereto (TN), Italy; MAGI EUREGIO, Bolzano, Italy

Keywords:

Sports phenotype, endurance, power, genetic variants, polymorphisms

Abstract

Genetic variants may contribute to confer elite athlete status. However, this does not mean that a person with favourable genetic traits would become a champion because multiple genetic interactions and epigenetic contributions coupled with confounding environmental factors shape the overall phenotype. This opens up a new area in sports genetics with respect to commercial genetic testing. The analysis of genetic polymorphisms linked to sport performance would provide insights into the potential of becoming an elite endurance or power performer. This mini-review aims to highlight genetic interactions that are associated with performance phenotypes and their potentials to be used as markers for talent identification and trainability.

References

Lippi G, Longo UG, Maffulli N. Genetics and sports. Br Med Bull 2010; 93: 27–47.

Kiss MAPDM, Böhme MTS, Mansoldo AC, Degaki E, Regazzini M. Performance and sports talent. Rev Paul Educ Fís 2004; 19: 89-100.

Gibson WT. Key concepts in human genetics: understanding the complex phenotype. Med Sport Sci 2009; 54: 1-10.

Tucker R, Collins M. What makes champions? A review of the relative contribution of genes and training to sporting success. Br J Sports Med 2012; 46: 555-61.

Eynon N, Ruiz JR, Oliveira J, Duarte JA, Birk R, Lucia A. Genes and elite athletes: a roadmap for future research. J Physiol 2011; 589: 3063-70.

Puthucheary Z, Skipworth JR, Rawal J, Loosemore M, Van Someren K, Montgomery HE. Genetic influences in sport and physical performance. Sports Med 2011; 41: 845–59.

Tanaka M, Wang G, Pitsiladis YP. Advancing sports and exercise genomics: moving from hypothesis-driven single study approaches to large multi-omics collaborative science. Physiol Genomics 2016; 48: 173–4.

Tanana M, Tanisawa K, Wang G, et al. The 1000 Athlomes project for 2020 summer Olympics in Tokyo. 35th FIMS world Congress of sports medicine. Rio de Janeiro, 2018.

Bray MS, Hagberg JM, Pérusse L, et al. The human gene map for performance and health-related fitness phenotypes: the 2006–2007 update. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009; 41: 35–73.

Bouchard C. Genomic predictors of trainability. Experimental Physiology. 2012; 97: 347–52.

Guilherme JPLF, Tritto ACC, North KN, Lancha Junior AH, Artioli GG. Genetics and sport performance: current challenges and directions to the future. Rev Bras Educ Fís Esporte 2014; 28: 177-93.

Guth LM, Roth SM. Genetic influence on athletic performance. Curr Opin Pediatr 2013; 25: 653‐8.

MacArthur DG, North KN. Genes and human elite athletic performance. Hum Genet 2005; 116: 331–9.

Moran CN, Vassilopoulos C, Tsiokanos A, et al. The associations of ACE polymorphisms with physical, physiological and skill parameters in adolescents. Eur J Hum Genet 2006; 14: 332–9.

Bouchard C, Sarzynski MA, Rice TK, et al. Genomic predictors of the maximal O(2) uptake response to standardized exercise training programs. J Appl Physiol 2011; 110: 1160-70.

Kodama S, Saito K, Tanaka S, et al. Cardiorespiratory fitness as a quantitative predictor of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events in healthy men and women: a meta-analysis. JAMA 2009; 301: 2024–35.

Kanzleiter T, Rath M, Penkov D, et al. Pknox1/Prep1 regulates mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation components in skeletal muscle. Mol Cell Biol 2014; 34: 290–8.

Bouchard C, Rankinen T, Timmons JA. Genomics and genetics in the biology of adaptation to exercise. Compr Physiol 2011; 1: 1603-48.

Hughes DC, Day SH, Ahmetov II, Williams AG. Genetics of muscle strength and power: polygenic profile similarity limits skeletal muscle performance. J Sports Sci 2011; 29: 1425-34.

Hagberg JM, Rankinen T, Loos RJ, et al. Advances in exercise, fitness, and performance genomics in 2010. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2011; 43: 743-52.

Roth SM, Rankinen T, Hagberg JM, et al. Advances in exercise, Fitness, and performance genomics in 2011. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2012; 44: 809-17.

Bouchard C. Overcoming barriers to progress in exercise genomics. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2011; 39: 212-7.

Williams AG, Folland JP. Similarity of polygenic profiles limits the potential for elite human physical performance. J Physiol 2008; 586: 113-21.

Lucia A, Moran M, Zihong H, Ruiz JR. Elite athletes: are the genes the champions? Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2010; 5: 98-102.

Rigat B, Hubert C, Alhenc-Gelas F, et al. An insertion/deletion polymorphism in the angiotensin I converting enzyme gene accounting for half the variance of serum enzyme levels. J Clin Invest 1990; 86: 1343–6.

Danser AH, Schalekamp MA, Bax WA, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme in the human heart. Effect of the deletion/insertion polymorphism. Circulation 1995; 92: 1387–8.

Scott RA, Moran C, Wilson RH, et al. No association between Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) gene variation and endurance athlete status in Kenyans. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2005; 141: 169–75.

Ma F, Yang Y, Li X, et al. The association of sport performance with ACE and ACTN3 genetic polymorphisms: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2013; 8: e54685.

Jones A, Montgomery HE, Woods DR. Human performance: a role for the ACE genotype? Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2002; 30: 184–90.

Nazarov IB, Woods DR, Montgomery HE, et al. The angiotensin converting enzyme I/D polymorphism in Russian athletes. Eur J Hum Genet 2001; 9: 797–801.

Tsianos G, Sanders J, Dhamrait S, et al. The ACE gene insertion/deletion polymorphism and elite endurance swimming. Eur J Appl Physiol 2004; 92: 360–2.

Gayagay G, Yu B, Hambly B, et al. Elite endurance athletes and the ACE I allele-the role of genes in athletic performance. Hum Genet 1998; 103: 48-50.

Woods DR, Montgomergy HE. Angiotensin-converting enzyme and genetics at high altitude. High Alt Med Biol 2001; 2: 201–10.

Thompson J, Raitt J, Hutchings L, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme genotype and successful ascent to extreme high altitude. High Alt Med Biol 2007; 8: 278–85.

Jones A, Montgomery HE, Woods DR. Human performance: a role for the ACE genotype? Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2002; 30: 184–90.

Woods DR, Brull D, Montgomery HE. Endurance and the ACE I/D polymorphism. Sci Prog 2000; 84: 317–36.

Scott RA, Moran C, Wilson RH, et al. No association between Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) gene variation and endurance athlete status in Kenyans. Comp Biochem Physiol Part A Mol Integr Physiol 2005; 141: 169-75.

Grealy R, Herruer J, Smith CLE, Hiller D, Haseler LJ, Griffiths LR Evaluation of a 7-gene genetic profile for athletic endurance phenotype in ironman championship triathletes. PLoS One 2015; 10: e0145171.

Yang N, Arthur DG, Gulbin JP, et al. ACTN3 genotype is associated with human elite athletic performance. Am J Hum Genet 2003; 73: 627-31.

Yang N, Garton F, North K. Alpha-actinin-3 and performance. Med Sport Sci 2009; 54: 88–101.

Eynon N, Hanson ED, Lucia A, et al. Genes for elite power and sprint performance: ACTN3 leads the way. Sports Med 2013; 43: 803-17.

Alfred T, Ben-Shlomo Y, Cooper R, et al. ACTN3 genotype, athletic status, and life course physical capability: meta-analysis of the published literature and findings from nine studies. Hum Mutat 2011; 32: 1008–18.

Eynon N, Ruiz JR, Femia P, et al. The ACTN3 R577X polymorphism across three groups of elite male European athletes. PloS One 2012; 7: e43132.

Mills M, Yang N, Weinberger R, et al. Differential expression of the actin-binding proteins, alpha-actinin-2 and -3, in different species: implications for the evolution of functional redundancy. Hum Mol Genet 2001; 10: 1335–46.

Tremblay S, De Beaumont L, Henry LC, et al. Sports concussions and aging: A neuroimaging investigation. cerebral cortex. 2013; 23: 1159–66.

Donix M, Small GW, Bookheimer SY. Family history and APOE-4 genetic risk in Alzheimer’s disease. Neuropsychol Rev 2012; 22: 298–309.

Teasdale GM, Nicoll JA, Murray G, Fiddes M. Association of apolipoprotein E polymorphism with outcome after head injury. Lancet 1997; 350: 1069–71.

Jordan BD, Relkin NR, Ravdin LD, et al. Apolipoprotein E epsilon4 associated with chronic traumatic brain injury in boxing. JAMA 1997; 278: 136–40.

Kristman VL, Tator CH, Kreiger N, et al. Does the apolipoprotein epsilon 4 allele predispose varsity athletes to concussion? A prospective cohort study. Clin J Sport Med 2008; 18: 322–8.

Moran LM, Taylor HG, Ganesalingam K, et al. Apolipoprotein E4 as a predictor of outcomes in pediatric mild traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2009; 26: 1489–95.

Terrell TR, Bostick RM, Abramson R, et al. APOE, APOE promoter, and Tau genotypes and risk for concussion in college athletes. Clin J Sport Med 2008; 18: 10–7.

Jordan BD, Relkin NR, Ravdin LD, Jacobs AR, Bennett A, Gandy S. Apolipoprotein E epsilon4 associated with chronic traumatic brain injury in boxing. J Am Med Assoc 1997; 278: 136–40.

Jordan BD. Genetic susceptibility to brain injury in sports: a role for genetic testing in athletes? Phys Sportsmed 1998; 26: 25–6.

Gao YL, Wang N, Sun FR, Cao XP, Zhang W, Yu JT. Tau in neurodegenerative disease. Ann Transl Med 2018; 6: 175.

Neselius S, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, et al. Olympic boxing is associated with elevated levels of the neuronal protein tau in plasma. Brain Inj 2013; 27: 425-33.

Shahim P, Linemann T, Inekci D, et al. Serum Tau fragments predict return to play in concussed professional ice hockey players. J Neurotrauma 2016; 33: 1995-9.

Mokone GG, Gajjar M, September AV, et al. The guanine-thymine dinucleotide repeat polymorphism within the tenascin-C gene is associated with achilles tendon injuries. Am J Sports Med 2005; 33: 1016–21.

Raleigh SM, van der Merwe L, Ribbans WJ, et al. Variants within the MMP3 gene are associated with Achilles tendinopathy: possible interaction with the COL5A1 gene. Br J Sports Med 2009; 43: 514–20.

Kambouris M, Ntalouka F, Ziogas G, Maffulli N. Predictive genomics DNA profiling for athletic performance. Recent Pat DNA Gene Seq 2012; 6: 229–39.

Buxens A, Ruiz JR, Arteta D, et al. Can we predict top-level sports performance in power vs endurance events? A genetic approach. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2011; 21: 570-9.

Gonzalez-Freire M, Santiago C, Verde Z, et al. Unique among unique. Is it genetically determined? Br J Sports Med 2009; 43: 307-9.

Flueck M, Vaughan D, Westerblad H. Linking genes with exercise: where is the cut-off? Eur J Appl Physiol 2010; 110: 1095-8.

Williams AG, Folland JP. Similarity of polygenic pro‚ les limits the potential for elite human physical performance. J Physiol 2008; 586: 113-21.

Ruiz JR, Eynon N, Meckel Y, et al. GNB3 C825T Polymorphism and elite athletic status: a replication study with two ethnic groups. Int J Sports Med 2010; 32: 151-3.

Ruiz JR, Gomez-Gallego F, Santiago C, et al. Is there an optimum endurance polygenic profile? J Physiol 2009; 587: 1527-34.

Santiago C, Ruiz JR, Muniesa CA, Gonzalez-Freire M, Gomez-Gallego F, Lucia A. Does the polygenic profile determine the potential for becoming a world-class athlete? Insights from the sport of rowing. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2010; 20: e188-94.

Eynon N, Ruiz JR, Meckel Y, Moran M, Lucia A. Mitochondrial biogenesis related endurance genotype score and sports performance in athletes. Mitochondrion 2011; 11: 64-9.

Dias RG. Genetics, human physical performance and gene doping: common sense versus the scientific reality. RevBras Med Esporte 2011; 17: 62-70.

Schuelke M, Wagner KR, Stolz LE, et al. Myostatin mutation associated with gross muscle hypertrophy in a child. N Engl J Med 2004; 350: 2682-8.

Huygens W, Thomis M, Peeters M, et al. Linkage of myostatin pathway genes with knee strength in humans. Physiol Genomics 2004; 17: 264–70.

Kostek M, Hubal MJ, Pescatello LS. The role of genetic variation in muscle strength. Am J Lifestyle Med 2011; 5: 156–70.

de la Chapelle A, Traskelin AL, Juvonen E. Truncated erythropoietin receptor causes dominantly inherited benign human erythrocytosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993; 90: 4495–9.

Rankinen T, Bray MS, Hagberg JM, et al. The human gene map for performance and health-related fitness phenotypes: the 2005 update. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2006; 38: 1863–88.

Rankinen T, Church T, Rice T, et al. Effect of endothelin 1 genotype on blood pressure is dependent on physical activity or fitness levels. Hypertension 2007; 50: 1120–25.

Egorova ES, Borisova AV, Mustafina LJ, et al. The polygenic profile of Russian football players. J Sports Sci 2014, 32: 1286–93.

Murakami H, Ota A, Simojo H, et al. Polymorphisms in control region of mtDNA relates to individual differences in endurance capacity or trainability. Jpn J Physiol 2002; 52: 247–56.

Norman B, Sabina RL, Jansson E. Regulation of skeletal muscle ATP catabolism by AMPD1 genotype during sprint exercise in asymptomatic subjects. J Appl Physiol 2001; 91: 258–64.

Pilegaard H, Ordway GA, Saltin B, Neufer PD. Transcriptional regulation of gene expression inhuman skeletal muscle during recovery from exercise. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2000; 279: E806–14.

MacArthur DG, Seto JT, Chan S, et al. An Actn3 knockout mouse provides mechanistic insights into the association between alpha-actinin-3 deficiency and human athletic performance. Hum Mol Genet 2008; 17: 1076–86.

Chan S, Seto JT, MacArthur DG, et al. A gene for speed: contractile properties of isolated whole EDL muscle from an alphaactinin-3 knockout mouse. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2008; 295: C897–904.

Pruna R, Clos E, Bahdur K, Artells R. Influence of genetics on sports injuries. J Nov Physiother 2017; 7: 359.

Ostrander EA, Huson HJ, Ostrander GK. Genetics of athletic performance. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2009; 10: 407-29.

Montgomery HE, Marshall R, Hemingway H, et al. Human gene for physical performance. Nature 1998; 393: 221–2.

Roth SM. Critical overview of applications of genetic testing in sport talent identification. Recent Pat DNA Gene Seq 2012: 6: 247-55.

Skinner JS, Jaskólski A, Jaskólska A, et al. Age, sex, race, initial fitness, and response to training: The HERITAGE Family Study. J Appl Physiol 2001; 90: 1770–6.

Saunders CJ, de Milander L, Hew-Butler T, et al. Dipsogenic genes associated with weight changes during Ironman Triathlons. Hum Mol Genet 2006; 15: 2980-7.

Silventoinen K, Magnusson PKE, Tynelius P, et al. Heritability of body size and muscle strength in young adulthood: a study of one million Swedish men. Genet Epidemiol 2008; 32: 341–9.

Stubbe JH, Boomsma DI, De Geus EJ. Sports participation during adolescence: a shift from environmental to genetic factors. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2005; 37: 563–70.

Ahmetov II, Egorova E, Gabdrakhmanova LJ, Fedotovskaya ON. Genes and athletic performance: an update. Med Sport Sci 2016; 61: 41–54.

Williams CJ, Williams MG, Eynon N, et al. Genes to predict VO2max trainability: a systematic review. BMC Genomics 2017; 18: 831.

Houweling PJ, Papadimitriou ID, Seto JT, et al. Is evolutionary loss our gain? The role of ACTN3p.Arg577Ter (R577X) genotype in athletic performance, ageing, and disease. Hum Mutat 2018; 39: 1774–87.

Wolfarth B, Rankinen T, Mühlbauer S, et al. Association between a beta2-adrenergic receptor polymorphism and elite endurance performance. Metabolism 2007; 56: 1649-51.

Tsianos GI, Evangelou E, Boot A, et al. Associations of polymorphisms of eight muscle- or metabolism-related genes with performance in Mount Olympus marathon runners. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2010; 108: 567-74.

McCole SD, Shuldiner AR, Brown MD, et al. Beta2- and beta3-adrenergic receptor polymorphisms and exercise hemodynamics in postmenopausal women. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2004; 96: 526-30.

Posthumus M, Schwellnus MP, Collins M. The COL5A1 gene: a novel marker of endurance running performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2011; 43: 584-9.

Brown JC, Miller CJ, Posthumus M, Schwellnus MP, Collins M. The COL5A1 gene, ultra-marathon running performance, and range of motion. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2011;6(4):485- 496.

Obisesan TO, Leeuwenburgh C, Phillips T, et al. C-reactive protein genotypes affect baseline, but not exercise training-induced changes, in C-reactive protein levels. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004; 24: 1874-9.

Kuo HK, Yen CJ, Chen JH, Yu YH, Bean JF. Association of cardiorespiratory fitness and levels of C-reactive protein: data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999- 2002. Int J Cardiol 2007; 114: 28.

Eynon N, Sagiv M, Meckel Y, et al. NRF2 intron 3 A/G polymorphism is associated with endurance athletes’ status. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2009; 107: 76-9.

Ahmetov II, Gavrilov DN, Astratenkova IV, et al. The association of ACE, ACTN3 and PPARA gene variants with strength phenotypes in middle school-age children. J Physiol Sci 2013; 63: 79-85.

Lopez-Leon S, Tuvblad C, Forero DA. Sports genetics: the PPARA gene and athletes’ high ability in endurance sports. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Biol Sport 2016; 33: 3-6.

Lucia A, Gómez-Gallego F, Barroso I, et al. PPARGC1A genotype (Gly482Ser) predicts exceptional endurance capacity in European men. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2005; 99: 344-8.

Maciejewska A, Sawczuk M, Cieszczyk P, Mozhayskaya IA, Ahmetov II. The PPARGC1A gene Gly482Ser in Polish and Russian athletes. J Sports Sci 2012; 30: 101-13.

Prior SJ, Hagberg JM, Paton CM, et al. DNA sequence variation in the promoter region of the VEGF gene impacts VEGF gene expression and maximal oxygen consumption. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2006; 290: 1848-55.

Ahmetov II, Khakimullina AM, Popov DV, Missina SS, Vinogradova OL, Rogozkin VA. Polymorphism of the vascular endothelial growth factor gene (VEGF) and aerobic performance in athletes. Hum Physiol 2008; 34: 477-81.

Gomez-Gallego F, Santiago C, González-Freire M, et al. The C allele of the AGT Met235Thr polymorphism is associated with power sports performance. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2009; 34: 1108-11.

Zarębska A, Sawczyn S, Kaczmarczyk M, et al. Association of rs699 (M235T) polymorphism in the AGT gene with power but not endurance athlete status. J Strength Cond Res 2013; 27: 2898-903.

Ruiz JR, Buxens A, Artieda M, et al. The -174 G/C polymorphism of the IL6 gene is associated with elite power performance. J Sci Med Sport 2010; 13: 549-53.

Eider J, Cieszczyk P, Leońska-Duniec A, et al. Association of the 174 G/C polymorphism of the IL6 gene in Polish power-orientated athletes. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2013; 53: 88-92.

Liu XG, Tan LJ, Lei SF, et al. Genome-wide association andreplication studies identified TRHR as an important gene for lean body mass. Am J Hum Genet 2009; 84: 418-23.

Wang P, Ma LH, Wang HY, et al. Association between polymorphisms of vitamin D receptor gene ApaI, BsmI and TaqI and muscular strength in young Chinese women. Int J Sports Med 2006; 27: 182-6.

Windelinckx A, De Mars G, Beunen G, et al. Polymorphisms in the vitamin D receptor gene are associated with muscle strength in men and women. Osteoporos Int 2007; 18: 1235-42.

Ginevičienė V, Jakaitiene A, Aksenov MO, et al. Association analysis of ACE, ACTN3 and PPARGC1A gene polymorphisms in two cohorts of European strength and power athletes. Biol Sport 2016; 33: 199–206.

Ischenko DS, Galeeva AA, Kulemin NA, et al. Genome-wide association study of elite power athlete status. Eur J Hum Genet 2015; 23: 472.

Ahmetov II, Mozhayskaya IA, Flavell DM, et al. PPARalpha gene variation and physical performance in Russian athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol 2006; 97: 103–8.

Maciejewska-Karlowska A, Sawczuk M, Cieszczyk P, Zarebska A, Sawczyn S. Association between the Pro12Ala polymorphism of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma gene and strength athlete status. PLoS One 2013; 8: e67172.

Drozdovska SB, Dosenko VE, Ahmetov II, Ilyin VN. The association of gene polymorphisms with athlete status in Ukrainians. Biol Sport 2013; 30: 163–7.

Cieszczyk P, Eider J, Arczewska A, et al. The HIF1A gene Pro582Ser polymorphism in Polish power-orientated athletes. Biol Sport 2011; 28: 111–4.

Kumanogoh A, Shikina T, Suzuki K, et al. Nonredundant roles of Sema4A in the immune system: defective T cell priming and Th1/Th2 regulation in Sema4A-deficient mice. Immunity 2005; 22: 305–16.

Pickering C, Suraci B, Semenova EA, et al. A genome-wide association study of sprint performance in elite youth football players. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33:2344‐51.

Masutomi K, Possemato R, Wong JM, et al. The telomerase reverse transcriptase regulates chromatin state and DNA damage responses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102: 8222–7.

Fehrmann RS, Jansen RC, Veldink JH, et al. Trans-eQTLs reveal that independent genetic variants associated with a complex phenotype converge on intermediate genes, with a major role for the HLA. PLoS Genet 2011; 7: e1002197.

GTEx Consortium. Genetic effects on gene expression across human tissues. Nature 2017; 550: 204–13.

Henderson J, Withford-Cave JM, Duffy DL, et al. The EPAS1 gene influences the aerobic-anaerobic contribution in elite endurance athletes. Hum Genet 2005; 118: 416–23.

Popov DV, Ahmetov II, Shikhova JV, et al. NFATC4 gene polymorphism and aerobic performance in athletes. Eur J Hum Genet 2008; 16: 336.

Saunders CJ, Xenophontos SL, Cariolou MA, et al. The bradykinin b2 receptor (BDKRB2) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase 3 (NOS3) genes and endurance performance during Ironman Triathlons. Hum Mol Genet 2006; 15: 979–87.

Williams AG, Wackerhage H, Day SH. Genetic testing for sports performance, responses to training and injury risk: practical and ethical considerations. Med Sport Sci 2016; 61: 105‐19.

Joyner MJ. Genetic approaches for sports performance: how far away are we? Sports Med 2019; 49: 199‐204.

Juvonen E, Ikkala E, Fyhrquist F, Ruutu T. Autosomal dominant erythrocytosis caused by increased sensitivity to erythropoietin. Blood 1991; 78: 3066–9.

Vincent D. The amazing story of Priscilla Lopes-Schilep and Iowa mom. https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2016/01/28/the-amazing-story-of-priscilla-lopes-schliep-and-the-iowa-mom.html

Ling, C.; Rönn, T. Epigenetic adaptation to regular exercise in humans. Drug Discov Today 2014; 19: 1015–8.

Moran CN, Pitsiladis YP. Tour de France Champions born or made: Where do we take the genetics of performance? J Sports Sci 2017; 35: 1411–9.

Widmann M, Nieß AM, Munz B. Physical exercise and epigenetic modifications in skeletal muscle. Sports Med 2019; 49: 509–23.

Voisin S, Eynon N, Yan X, Bishop DJ. Exercise training and DNA methylation in humans. Acta Physiol 2015; 213: 39–59.

Pareja-Galeano H, Sanchis-Gomar F, García-Giménez JL. Physical exercise and epigenetic modulation: Elucidating intricate mechanisms. Sports Med 2014; 44: 429–36.

Seaborne RA, Strauss J, Cocks M, et al. Human skeletal muscle possesses an epigenetic memory of hypertrophy. Sci Rep 2018; 8: 1898.

Pandorf CE, Haddad F, Wright C, Bodell PW, Baldwin KM. Differential epigenetic modifications of histones at the myosin heavy chain genes in fast and slow skeletal muscle fibers and in response to muscle unloading. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2009; 297: C6–16.

Mooren FC, Viereck J, Krüger K, Thum T. Circulating microRNAs as potential biomarkers of aerobic exercise capacity. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2013; 306: H557–63.

Baggish AL, Park J, Min PK, et al. Rapid upregulation and clearance of distinct circulating microRNAs after prolonged aerobic exercise. J Appl Physiol 2014; 116: 522–31.

Dennis C. Rugby team converts to give gene tests a try. Nature 2005; 434: 260.

Vlahovich N, Hughes DC, Griffiths LR, et al. Genetic testing for exercise prescription and injury prevention: AIS-Athlome consortium-FIMS joint statement. BMC Genomics 2017; 18: 818.

Vlahovich N, Fricker PA, Brown MA, Hughes D. Ethics of genetic testing and research in sport: a position statement from the Australian Institute of Sport. Br J Sports Med 2017; 51: 5–11.

Karanikolou A, Wang G, Pitsiladis Y. Letter to the editor: a genetic-based algorithm for personalized resistance training. Biol Sport 2017; 34: 31–3.

Hogarth S, Javitt G, Melzer D. The current landscape for direct-to-consumer genetic testing: legal, ethical, and policy issues. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2008; 9: 161–82.

Hopkins WG. Genes and training for athletic performance. Sport science 2001; 5.

https://www.dnafit.com/downloads/DNAFit%20Clinical%20Study%20VV1.pdf

Persi A, Maltese PE, Bertelli M, et al. Polymorphisms of alpha-actinin-3 and ciliary neurotrophic factor in national-level Italian athletes. Panminerva Med 2013; 55: 217-24.

Pickering C, Kiely J. Exercise genetics: seeking clarity from noise. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2017; 3: e000309.

Maltese PE, Venturini L, Poplavskaya E, et al. Genetic evaluation of AMPD1, CPT2, and PGYM metabolic enzymes in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Genet Mol Res 2016; 15: 10.4238/gmr.15038717.

Castellanos-Rubio A, Ghosh S. Disease-associated SNPs in inflammation-related lncRNAs. Front Immunol 2019; 10: 420.

Haas U, Sczakiel G, Laufer SD. MicroRNA-mediated regulation of gene expression is affected by disease-associated SNPs within the 3'-UTR via altered RNA structure. RNA Biol 2012; 9: 924-37.

Elfaki I, Mir R, Mir MM, AbuDuhier FM, Babakr AT, Barnawi J. Potential impact of microRNA gene polymorphisms in the pathogenesis of diabetes and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. J Pers Med 2019; 9: 51.

Windelinckx A, De Mars G, Huygens W, et al. Comprehensive fine mapping of chr12q12-14 and follow-up replication identify activin receptor 1B (ACVR1B) as a muscle strength gene. Eur J Hum Genet 2011; 19: 208-15.

Maltese PE, Michelini S, Baronio M, Bertelli M. Molecular foundations of chiropractic therapy. Acta Biomed 2019; 90: 93-102.

Santiago C, Ruiz JR, Rodríguez-Romo G, et al. The K153R polymorphism in the myostatin gene and muscle power phenotypes in young, non-athletic men. PLoS One 2011; 6: e16323.

Downloads

Published

09-11-2020

How to Cite

1.
Genetic test for the personalization of sport training. Acta Biomed [Internet]. 2020 Nov. 9 [cited 2024 Mar. 29];91(13-S):e2020012. Available from: https://www.mattioli1885journals.com/index.php/actabiomedica/article/view/10593