Atopic dermatitis

Main Article Content

Elena Galli
Bianca Cinicola
Rossella Carello
Silvia Caimmi
Giulia Brindisi
Giovanna De Castro
Anna Maria Zicari
Maria Angela Tosca
Sara Manti
Alberto Martelli
Mauro Calvani
Claudio Cravidi
Gian Luigi Marseglia
Fabio Cardinale
Michele Miraglia Del Giudice
Carlo Caffarelli
Marzia Duse

Keywords

atopic dermatitis, prevalence, pathogenesis, economical-social burden, diagnosis, treatment

Abstract

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common inflammatory skin disease, clinically characterized by recurrent eczematous lesions and intense itching, leading to excoriations and susceptibility to cutaneous infections. Although it is considered a pediatric disorder, mainly starting in infancy, it is also very common in adults. Etiology of AD is complex and multifactorial: interaction between genetic susceptibility and environment, but also cutaneous barrier impairment, change in microbiome composition and innate and adaptive immune dysregulation are the main factors involved in the pathogenesis of the disease. Originally, the disorder was considered mediated by an imbalance towards a T-helper 2 response and excessive IgE production to allergens, but now it is recognized as a lifelong disposition with variable clinical expressivity, where dysfunctions of the epidermal barrier, immune system and microbiome play a central role. AD leads to a substantial psycho-social burden on patients and their relatives and increases the risk of other allergic and non allergic disorders. The real economic impact of AD is difficult to measure due to the broad spectrum of disease severity and the multiple direct and indirect costs, but the overall medical expenses seem to be very high and similar to those of other diseases such as diabetes. Currently, a multiple therapeutic approach is aimed only at improving the skin state, reducing itching and keeping a stable condition. New safety and curative treatments may be developed only after enhancing our understanding on the pathogenesis of AD and the heterogeneity of its clinical manifestations.

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