Chiara Miraglia
Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
Florenzo Moccia
Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
Michele Russo
Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
Serena Scida
Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
Marilisa Franceschi
Endoscopy Unit, Departement of Surgery, ULSS7-Pedemontana, Santorso Hospital, Santorso (VI), Italy
Pellegrino Crafa
Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
Lorella Franzoni
Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
Antonio Nouvenne
Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
Tiziana Meschi
Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
Gioacchino Leandro
National Institute of Gastroenterology “S. De Bellis” Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, Italy
Gian Luigi de' Angelis
Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
Francesco Di Mario
Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
Keywords
acid measurement, atroph, acid secretion, pepsinogens, aspiration test, maximal acid output
Abstract
Methods for the measure of gastric acid secretion include invasive and non-invasive tests. The gold-standard to measure the acid output is the collection of gastric after in basal condition (Basal Acid Output, B.A.O.) and after an i.m. injection of pentagastrin (Maximal Acid Output, M.A.O.). However, direct measurement of gastric acid production is out of order in clinical practice, but many GI symptoms are claimed to be related with acid disorders and empirically cured. Hypochlorhydria is associated with precancerous conditions such as chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG). Acid measurement with non-invasive methods (pepsinogens) is supported by international guidelines.