Correlational study between Body Mass Index conditions in children and their parents in pediatric, adolescence, adulthood ages Body Mass Index conditions in children and their parents in pediatric, adolescence, adulthood ages
Main Article Content
Keywords
Adolescence, Adulthood, Body Mass Index, Children, Father, Mother, Pediatric
Abstract
Background and aim: The influence of individual parents depends on the age and sex of the child. Teenage boys, who have both overweight or obese parents, are more likely to be overweight themselves, but just having an obese mother is enough to increase the likelihood of a preschool boy are obese. To assess any correlations existed between BMI conditions in children related to their BMI parents' conditions, by considering their pediatric, adolescence and adulthood age. Methods: During 2020 and 2021 data were collected both from children, aged between 3 to 14 years old and their respective parents in the ambulatory setting. Additionally, it was assessed parent’s weight conditions, both for mothers and fathers during their pediatric, adolescent and adult ages, by only considered if there were: underweight, normal weight, overweight or obese, respectively. Results: 135 children were enrolled with their respective parents, too. Significant correlations were performed between BMI in children and their mothers’ conditions in pediatric age (ρ=0.196; p=0.025); between BMI in children and fathers, both during the adolescence (ρ=0.176; p=0.046) and the adulthood (ρ=0.184; p=0.037). Additionally, significant correlations were performed between BMI in children and their mothers’ conditions in pediatric age (ρ=0.196; p=0.025); between BMI in children and fathers, both during the adolescence (ρ=0.176; p=0.046) and the adulthood (ρ=0.184; p=0.037). Conclusions: Significant correlations emerged between the BMI of parents and that of children. The timely intervention on cases of obesity and severe overweight within family contexts could prevent the possibility not only of diseases related to these realities, but also an increased risk of becoming obese in the adulthood.
References
2. GBD 2017 Risk Factor Collaborators. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet. 2018 Nov 10;392(10159):1923-1994. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32225-6. Erratum in: Lancet. 2019 Jan 12;393(10167):132. Erratum in: Lancet. 2019 Jun 22;393(10190):e44.
3. EpiCentro. (2019). [Okkio alla SALUTE. Indagine nazionale 2019: i dati nazionali] [Okkio to HEALTH. National survey 2019: national data]. Available from: www.epicentro.iss.it/ Accessed on October 20, 2022.
4. Istituto Superiore di Sanità. (2022) Giornata mondiale dell’obesità 2022. [World Obesity Day 2022] Available from: https://www.epicentro.iss.it/passi/focus/giornata-mondiale-obesita-2022 Accessed on October 22, 2022
5. Ng M, Fleming T, Robinson M, Thomson B, Graetz N, Margono C, et al. Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet. 2014 Aug 30;384(9945):766-81. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60460-8. Epub 2014 May 29. Erratum in: Lancet. 2014 Aug 30;384(9945):746.
6. Vissing NH, Chawes BL, Rasmussen MA, Bisgaard H. Epidemiology and Risk Factors of Infection in Early Childhood. Pediatrics. 2018 Jun;141(6):e20170933. doi: 10.1542/peds.2017-0933.
7. Ajslev TA, Ängquist L, Silventoinen K, Baker JL, Sørensen TI. Stable intergenerational associations of childhood overweight during the development of the obesity epidemic. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2015 Jun;23(6):1279-87. doi: 10.1002/oby.21060.
8. Bhaskaran K, Dos-Santos-Silva I, Leon DA, Douglas IJ, Smeeth L. Association of BMI with overall and cause-specific mortality: a population-based cohort study of 3·6 million adults in the UK. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2018 Dec;6(12):944-953. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(18)30288-2.
9. Tuba A, Woodward E. European Congress on Obesity (ECO Online 2021). 28th Congress, 10-13 May, 2021. ABSTRACTS. Obesity Facts 2021; 14(1): 1-154.
10. World Obesity. (2022). Driving global efforts to reduce, prevent and treat obesity. Available from: https://www.worldobesity.org/ Accessed on October 20, 2022.
11. World Health Organization. BMI-for-age (5-19 years). Available from: https://www.who.int/tools/growth-reference-data-for -5to19-years. Accessed on May 20, 2023.
12. World Health Organization. (2022). [Obesità e sovrappeso] [Obesity and Overweight] Available from: https://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/noncommunicable-diseases/obesity/publica tions/2022/who-european-regional-obesity-report-2022 Accessed on October 23, 2022-10-25
13. Llewellyn A, Simmonds M, Owen CG, Woolacott N. Childhood obesity as a predictor of morbidity in adulthood: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev. 2016 Jan;17(1):56-67. doi: 10.1111/obr.12316.
14. Brewis A, SturtzSreetharan C, Wutich A. Obesity stigma as a globalizing health challenge. Global Health. 2018 Feb 13;14(1):20. doi: 10.1186/s12992-018-0337-x.
15. Lupo R, Zaminga M, Carriero MC, Santoro P, Artioli G, Calabrò A, et al. Eating disorders and related stigma: analysis among a population of Italian nursing students. Acta Biomed. 2020 Nov 30;91(12-S):e2020011. doi: 10.23750/abm.v91i12-S.10797.
16. Flint SW, Hudson J, Lavallee D. UK adults' implicit and explicit attitudes towards obesity: a cross-sectional study. BMC Obes. 2015 Sep 4;2:31. doi: 10.1186/s40608-015-0064-2.
17. Pearl RL. Weight Bias and Stigma: Public Health Implications and Structural Solutions. Social Issues and Policy Review 2018; 12(1): 146–182.
18. Vitale E, Fortunato RS, Della Pietà C, Ciurlia ML, Germini F. Obesity and chronic diseases prevention among school children: nursing intervention in healthy eating education. Progress in Nutrition 2020; 22(3): e2021045. doi:10.23751/pn.v22i3.9090
19. Lydecker JA, O'Brien E, Grilo CM. Parents have both implicit and explicit biases against children with obesity. J Behav Med. 2018 Dec;41(6):784-791. doi: 10.1007/s10865-018-9929-4.
20. Pont SJ, Puhl R, Cook SR, Slusser W; SECTION ON OBESITY; OBESITY SOCIETY. Stigma Experienced by Children and Adolescents With Obesity. Pediatrics. 2017 Dec;140(6):e20173034. doi: 10.1542/peds.2017-3034.
21. Brener A, Waksman Y, Rosenfeld T, Levy S, Peleg I, Raviv A, et al. The heritability of body composition. BMC Pediatr. 2021; 21(1):225. doi: 10.1186/s12887-021-02695-z.
22. Nicolaidis S. Environment and obesity. Metabolism: clinical and experimental 2019; 100S: 153942.
23. Kang E, Kim S, Yun YH. Comparison of eating habits and inappropriate weight control efforts of secondary school students enrolled in a weight control program. Nutr Res Pract. 2021;15(5):628-638. doi: 10.4162/nrp.2021.15.5.628.
24. Fraschetti EC, Skelly LE, Ahmed M, Biancaniello EC, Klentrou P, Josse AR. The Influence of Increased Dairy Product Consumption, as Part of a Lifestyle Modification Intervention, on Diet Quality and Eating Patterns in Female Adolescents with Overweight/Obesity. Children (Basel). 2022 Nov 6;9(11):1703. doi: 10.3390/children9111703.
25. Finnegan SL, Dearlove DJ, Morris P, Freeman D, Sergeant M, Taylor S, et al. Breathlessness in a virtual world: An experimental paradigm testing how discrepancy between VR visual gradients and pedal resistance during stationary cycling affects breathlessness perception. PLoS One. 2023; 18(4):e0270721. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270721.
26. Rojo-Ramos J, Castillo-Paredes A, Mendoza-Muñoz M, Adsuar JC, Polo-Campos I, Gomez-Paniagua S, et al. Children's Influence on Their Parents' Satisfaction with Physical Activity in Nature: An Exploratory Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023; 20(6):5093. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20065093.
27. Jalali MS, Sharafi-Avarzaman Z, Rahmandad H, Ammerman AS. Social influence in childhood obesity interventions: a systematic review. Obes Rev. 2016;17(9):820-32.
28. Vitale E, Fortunato RS, Della Pietà C, Ciurlia ML, Germini F. Mothers’ perceptions on their child weight: a descriptive study. Progress in Nutrition 2021; 23(1): e2021031. doi: 10.23751/pn.v23i1.9047
29. Flynn AC, Suleiman F, Windsor-Aubrey H, Wolfe I, O'Keeffe M, Poston L, et al. Preventing and treating childhood overweight and obesity in children up to 5 years old: A systematic review by intervention setting. Matern Child Nutr. 2022; 18(3):e13354. doi: 10.1111/mcn.13354.
30. Freeman E, Fletcher R, Collins CE, Morgan PJ, Burrows T, Callister R. Preventing and treating childhood obesity: time to target fathers. Int J Obes (Lond). 2012;36(1):12-5.
31. Prospective Studies Collaboration, Whitlock G, Lewington S, Sherliker P, Clarke R, Emberson J, et al. Body-mass index and cause-specific mortality in 900 000 adults: collaborative analyses of 57 prospective studies. Lancet. 2009;373(9669):1083-96.
32. Blanco M, Veiga OL, Sepúlveda AR, Izquierdo-Gomez R, Román FJ, López S, et al. Ambiente familiar, actividad física y sedentarismo en preadolescentes con obesidad infantil: estudio ANOBAS de casos-controles [Family environment, physical activity and sedentarism in preadolescents with childhood obesity: ANOBAS case-control study]. Aten Primaria. 2020;52(4):250-257. Spanish. doi: 10.1016/j.aprim.2018.05.013.
33. Puhl R, Peterson JL, Luedicke J. Motivating or stigmatizing? Public perceptions of weight-related language used by health providers. Int J Obes (Lond). 2013;37(4):612-9.
34. Vitale E. A school nursing approach to childhood obesity: an early chronic inflammatory disease. Immunopharmacology and immunotoxicology 2010; 32(1): 5–16.
35. Vitale E, Jirillo E, Magrone T. Correlations between the Youth Healthy Eating Index, body mass index and the salivary nitric oxide concentration in overweight/obese children. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets. 2014: 14(2): 93–101. doi:10.2174/1871530314666140307095630